Sadomasochism:
The second class of paraphilia's
The second class of paraphilias involves inflicting or receiving suffering as a
means to sexual excitement, and it consists of two distinct disorders that
complement each other. In sadism the individual becomes sexually aroused
by inflicting physical and psychological suffering or humiliation on another
human being, while in masochism the individual becomes sexually aroused
by having suffering or humiliation inflicted on him.
These terms are greatly overused in ordinary language. We often hear individuals who cheerfully
put up with suffering or hardship called masochists, and individuals who are
aggressive and domineering called sadists. Much more than this is required
for sadism or masochism. A sadist repeatedly and intentionally inflicts suffering
on his partner, sometimes a nonconsenting partner, in order to produce
sexual excitement. And a masochist repeatedly and intentionally
participates in activity in which he is physically harmed, his life is threatened,
or he is otherwise made to suffer in order to feel sexual excitement.
Not uncommonly, the masochist and sadist will seek each other out and
marry, in order to engage in mutually desirable sadomasochism. Both disorders
are accompanied by persistent and insistent fantasies in which torture,
beating, binding, and raping are common themes producing high
sexual arousal.
Many individuals who are neither sadists nor masochists have occasional
sexual fantasies about humiliation and suffering. Kinsey found that about
20 percent of men and 12 percent of women reported sexual arousal when
they were told stories about rape, bondage, chains, whips, and discipline.
But such fantasies are hardly necessary for sexual arousal or orgasm in the
great majority of individuals, and this differentiates them from sadomasochists
(Gagnon, 1977; McCary, 1978).
In addition to fantasies, overt acts...
involving suffering and humiliation in order to produce arousal must occur
for sadism or masochism to be diagnosed. Nor are all overt acts that produce
pain during sex play considered sadomasochistic: lightly biting a partner's
earlobe, leaving scratch marks on a partner's back, or bruises whose origin is
unknown are common elements of sex play. The true sadist or masochist
both has the relevant fantasies and engages in acts that sexually arouse him,
causing more than minimal pain. Biting, whipping, pinching, and slapping
are typical physical acts of the sadist; bullying, threatening, using sarcasm,
and belittling are common psychological acts.
Sadism takes its name from the Marquis de Sade (1740-1814), whose descriptions
of sadomasochism in his novels are among the most vivid in the literature.
He has harshly ordered me to be silent. I strive to melt him ... but in vain, he
strikes out savagely at my now unprotected bosom: terrible bruises are immediately
writ out in blackand blue; blood appearsas his batteringcontinues,mysufferingwrings
tears from me, they fallupon the vestiges leftby the monster's rage,
and render, says he, yet a thousand times more interesting ... He kisses those
marks, he devours them and now and again returns to my mouth, to my eyes
whosetears he licksup with lewddelight. (Sade, 1791/1965, pp. 597-98)
Masochism derives its name from Leopold Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895),
a very popular German novelist ofthe nineteenth century, whose male characters
were often sexually degraded by women.
Below is a description of a typical sadomasochistic interaction:
Thomas, a masochist, and his wife enact a periodic sadomasochistic ritual, in
which about once every six weeks Thomas has himselfbeaten by his wife. She
punishes him for his "weak" and "feminine" behavior. In his daily life he is an
aggressive and controlling executive, but underneath he deeply longs to be controlled.
He feels heshouldbe punishedbecause it iswrongforhimto havefeelings
of needing to be dominated, and so he has his wife tie him to a rack in their cellar
and beat him. (Adapted from Gagnon, 1977.)
NOTE: Severe cases of sadism and masochism are rare, although mild forms of it
occur rather frequently. About 5 percent of the men and 2 percent of the
women in one survey of liberal and sexually active individuals at one time
or another had gotten sexual pleasure from inflicting pain (Hunt, 1974). The
incidence was greater among younger people than older people, and much
greater among single men than married men. The great majority of sadists
and, contrary to popular belief, masochists as well, are men; but both phenomena
appear in women as well.
means to sexual excitement, and it consists of two distinct disorders that
complement each other. In sadism the individual becomes sexually aroused
by inflicting physical and psychological suffering or humiliation on another
human being, while in masochism the individual becomes sexually aroused
by having suffering or humiliation inflicted on him.
These terms are greatly overused in ordinary language. We often hear individuals who cheerfully
put up with suffering or hardship called masochists, and individuals who are
aggressive and domineering called sadists. Much more than this is required
for sadism or masochism. A sadist repeatedly and intentionally inflicts suffering
on his partner, sometimes a nonconsenting partner, in order to produce
sexual excitement. And a masochist repeatedly and intentionally
participates in activity in which he is physically harmed, his life is threatened,
or he is otherwise made to suffer in order to feel sexual excitement.
Not uncommonly, the masochist and sadist will seek each other out and
marry, in order to engage in mutually desirable sadomasochism. Both disorders
are accompanied by persistent and insistent fantasies in which torture,
beating, binding, and raping are common themes producing high
sexual arousal.
Many individuals who are neither sadists nor masochists have occasional
sexual fantasies about humiliation and suffering. Kinsey found that about
20 percent of men and 12 percent of women reported sexual arousal when
they were told stories about rape, bondage, chains, whips, and discipline.
But such fantasies are hardly necessary for sexual arousal or orgasm in the
great majority of individuals, and this differentiates them from sadomasochists
(Gagnon, 1977; McCary, 1978).
In addition to fantasies, overt acts...
involving suffering and humiliation in order to produce arousal must occur
for sadism or masochism to be diagnosed. Nor are all overt acts that produce
pain during sex play considered sadomasochistic: lightly biting a partner's
earlobe, leaving scratch marks on a partner's back, or bruises whose origin is
unknown are common elements of sex play. The true sadist or masochist
both has the relevant fantasies and engages in acts that sexually arouse him,
causing more than minimal pain. Biting, whipping, pinching, and slapping
are typical physical acts of the sadist; bullying, threatening, using sarcasm,
and belittling are common psychological acts.
Sadism takes its name from the Marquis de Sade (1740-1814), whose descriptions
of sadomasochism in his novels are among the most vivid in the literature.
He has harshly ordered me to be silent. I strive to melt him ... but in vain, he
strikes out savagely at my now unprotected bosom: terrible bruises are immediately
writ out in blackand blue; blood appearsas his batteringcontinues,mysufferingwrings
tears from me, they fallupon the vestiges leftby the monster's rage,
and render, says he, yet a thousand times more interesting ... He kisses those
marks, he devours them and now and again returns to my mouth, to my eyes
whosetears he licksup with lewddelight. (Sade, 1791/1965, pp. 597-98)
Masochism derives its name from Leopold Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895),
a very popular German novelist ofthe nineteenth century, whose male characters
were often sexually degraded by women.
Below is a description of a typical sadomasochistic interaction:
Thomas, a masochist, and his wife enact a periodic sadomasochistic ritual, in
which about once every six weeks Thomas has himselfbeaten by his wife. She
punishes him for his "weak" and "feminine" behavior. In his daily life he is an
aggressive and controlling executive, but underneath he deeply longs to be controlled.
He feels heshouldbe punishedbecause it iswrongforhimto havefeelings
of needing to be dominated, and so he has his wife tie him to a rack in their cellar
and beat him. (Adapted from Gagnon, 1977.)
NOTE: Severe cases of sadism and masochism are rare, although mild forms of it
occur rather frequently. About 5 percent of the men and 2 percent of the
women in one survey of liberal and sexually active individuals at one time
or another had gotten sexual pleasure from inflicting pain (Hunt, 1974). The
incidence was greater among younger people than older people, and much
greater among single men than married men. The great majority of sadists
and, contrary to popular belief, masochists as well, are men; but both phenomena
appear in women as well.
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